Dust and gas jets: Evidence for a diffuse source in Halley's coma

The distribution of dust-scattered intensity in Halley's inner coma is measured with the Vega three-channel spectrometer at three selected wavelengths: 377, 482, and 607 nm. The variation along a cometo-centric radius may be described by a p(sup -s) law where p is the distance between nucleus and optical axis and s is an exponent which is equal to 1 except in an intermediate 3000 less than p less than 7000 km region where s = 1.5. The shape of the radial distribution may be explained with a model including solar radiation pressure effect and quantum scattering efficiencies calculated from Mie theory. Monochromatic images inside an angular sector having its apex at the nucleus show evidence of two dust jets which extend to 40,000 Km. The pixel-to-pixel ratio of two images of dust intensity at 377 and 482 nm shows that the scattered intensity presents an excess of blue coloration in a zone located around the jets between 10,000 and 25,000 km. This coloration is interpreted as being due to a population of sub-micronic grains which result of the fragmentation of dust particles transported in the jets. It is suggested that the diffuse source where an additional quantity of CO was detected might be connected with the presence of a dust jet. In the present scheme, grain particles with a size of several micron or 10 micron would be transported inside a dust jet to distances of several 10,000 km where they would suffer fragmentation and produce sub-micronic particles and a release of gas which would be at the origin of the diffuse source

Un outil de mesure et de signalisation de la performance au service de l’analyse stratégique dans la PME : Présentation d’un « modèle DuPont enrichi »

Le caractère limité des ressources des PME et le faible recours à des systèmes formels de contrôle sont à l’origine de pratiques incomplètes, partielles et dispersées en matière d’évaluation et de suivi de la performance. Or, l’absence ou l’insuffisance de système de mesure et de gestion de la performance (SMGP) obère à la fois la capacité du propriétaire-dirigeant à porter une analyse pertinente sur la situation de son entreprise et sa capacité à échanger et/ou négocier avec les différentes parties prenantes (banques, investisseurs, fournisseurs, etc.). Fort de ce constat, cet article vise à proposer un modèle simple et complet d’évaluation et de signalisation de la performance, adapté à la situation des PME ne disposant pas des moyens de mettre en oeuvre de manière systématique une approche plus sophistiquée. Ce modèle peut être utilisé comme un outil d’aide à la décision pour les PME ou leurs conseils de même que comme un outil d’échange et de négociation avec les partenaires externes de l’entreprise. Construit sur la base d’un « modèle DuPont enrichi », le modèle présenté met ainsi l’accent sur six déterminants de la valeur pour les associés de la PME. Il se construit sur la base de cinq équations successives visant à approfondir progressivement la compréhension de la formation de la performance de l’entreprise en lien avec les pratiques et le positionnement stratégiques de la firme.Measurement and monitoring of performance practices remain particularly disparate, incomplete and often unsatisfactory within the field of SMEs, due to the insufficiency of their resources and the lack of formal performance management tools. The inadequacy of performance measurement and management systems (PMMS) prevents the owner-manager from producing reliable and accurate financial information and from presenting his situation to various stakeholders, in particular to providers of capital. The objective of this article is therefore to propose a PMMS adapted to SMEs, one that can be used by owner-managers or their consultants to actively manage performance, and also as a tool for communication, negotiation and dialogue with stakeholders. Based on an “enriched DuPont model”, the model presented here focuses on six determinants of value for SME managers. It is decomposed into six successive equations that aim to gradually deepen the understanding of the formation of company performance in connection with the practices and strategic positioning of the firm.El carácter restringido de los recursos de las PyMEs y la escasez del uso de sistemas formales de control explican las prácticas incompletas, parciales y dispersas de evaluación del rendimiento.Sin embargo la ausencia o la debilidad del sistema de medida y de gestión del rendimiento implica a la vez la capacidad del propietario dirigente a llevar a cabo un análisis pertinente sobre la situación de su empresa y su capacidad a cambiar o a negociar con las diferentes entidades implicadas (bancos, inversores, proveedores…).Apoyándose en esta situación, este artículo pretende proponer un modelo simple y completo de evaluación, indicación del rendimiento adaptado a la situación de las PyMEs que no disponen de medios para llevar a cabo sistemáticamente un control sofisticado. Este modelo puede ser utilizado : como una herramienta de ayuda a la horade decidir como también puede servir de consejo y herramienta de intercambio y de negociación con los socios externos de la empresa.Construido sobre la base de un modelo « DuPont enriquecido », el modelo presentado hace hincapié sobre 6 factores determinantes para los socios de la PyMe. Se construye de la base de ecuaciones sucesivas que tienden a profundizar progresivamente la comprensión del rendimiento de la empresa relacionada con las prácticas y el posicionamiento estratégico de la firma.Die begrenzten Ressourcen von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen und die geringe Nutzung von formalen Kontrollsystemen sind die Ursache für unvollständige und uneinheitliche Performance-Messungen. Diese fehlenden oder ungenügenden Mess- und Kontrollsysteme (SMGP) erschweren die finanzielle Analyse durch den Unternehmer/Eigentümer und damit den Austausch und die Verhandlung mit den Anspruchsgruppen (Banken, Investoren, Lieferanten etc.). Daher schlägt der vorliegende Artikel ein einfaches und trotzdem vollständiges Mess- und Kontrollsystem für die speziellen Bedürfnisse von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen vor. Das Instrument dient als Entscheidungshilfe sowie als Informationswerkzeug für den Austausch mit den erwähnten Anspruchsgruppen. Basierend auf einem Modell „DuPont plus“, vereint das Modell sechs Komponenten, die den Wert des KMU für die Eigentümer definieren. Auf der Grundlage von fünf aufeinanderfolgenden Gleichungen wird sukzessive das Verständnis über die Beziehung der Leistung des Unternehmens zu seiner strategischen Positionierung vertieft

A model for problems' representation at various generic levels to assist inventive design

International audienceInventive design requires specific competences. Designing involves creating new concepts out of acquired knowledge and requires cognitive competences. TRIZ, a theory for inventive problem-solving, is based on the abstraction of knowledge to be able to make analogies with any technical domain. This principle of abstraction is of great interest, but it also requires the ability to shift from a high level of abstraction to a more specific level. The links between abstract models of problems and more specific ones are missing in TRIZ. This paper proposes a UML model to make this link to enable the construction of abstract formulation of problems from a functional description of the systems. A case study illustrates the different descriptions of the problems and the link between them

A Formal Model for the Representation of Problems Based on TRIZ

International audienceDesigning, and especially in inventive design, is mainly understanding and solving problems. Simon describes the designer activity as a problem forming, finding and solving activity. Nevertheless, if the importance of the problem solving process is admitted, a lot of methods exist to guide the inventive process without integrating this fact. TRIZ proposes to answer this lack by focusing the design on a problem framing and solving process. On a generic point of view, TRIZ can be described as a rule-based problem solving method. In fact it is a whole of methods and tools which aim is to identify problems and formulate them through generic frames enabling the use of patterns of solutions. One of the disadvantages of TRIZ is its lack of formalization which implies a lot of difficulties to implement it and even to understand it. To fulfill this lack a formalization, a process is described in this article and a resulted partial model is presented. This model is partial as it is only focused on the TRIZ problem formulation frames. The implementation of the model is presented to show the interest of the model and to validate its efficiency. This implementation is argued by the description of a problem formulated by the use of a prototype of software

Dasatinib dose management for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143669/1/cncr31232.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143669/2/cncr31232_am.pd

Study of the forbidden oxygen lines in comets at different heliocentric and nucleocentric distances

Oxygen is an important element in the chemistry of the Solar System objects given its abundance and its presence in many molecules including H2O, which constitutes 80% of cometary ices. The analysis of oxygen atoms in comets can provide information not only on the comets themselves but also on our Solar System. These atoms have been analyzed using the three forbidden oxygen lines [OI] observed in emission in the optical region at 5577 Å (the green line), 6300 Å and 6364 Å (the red lines) [1]. These lines are difficult to analyze because their detection requires high spectral and spatial resolutions. The oxygen analysis is interesting because it allows the determination of its parent molecules

The Dual Origin Of The Nitrogen Deficiency In Comets: Selective Volatile Trapping In The Nebula And Postaccretion Radiogenic Heating

We propose a scenario that explains the apparent nitrogen deficiency in comets in away that is consistent with the fact that the surfaces of Pluto and Triton are dominated by nitrogen-rich ice. We use a statistical thermodynamic model to investigate the composition of the successive multiple guest clathrates that may have formed during the cooling of the primordial nebula from the most abundant volatiles present in the gas phase. These clathrates agglomerated with the other ices (pure condensates or stoichiometric hydrates) and formed the building blocks of comets. We report that molecular nitrogen is a poor clathrate former, when we consider a plausible gas-phase composition of the primordial nebula. This implies that its trapping into cometesimals requires a low disk temperature (similar to 20 K) in order to allow the formation of its pure condensate. We find that it is possible to explain the lack of molecular nitrogen in comets as a consequence of their postformation internal heating engendered by the decay of short-lived radiogenic nuclides. This scenario is found to be consistent with the presence of nitrogen-rich ice covers on Pluto and Triton. Our model predicts that comets should present xenon-to-water and krypton-to-water ratios close to solar xenon-to-oxygen and krypton-to-oxygen ratios, respectively. In contrast, the argon-to-water ratio is predicted to be depleted by a factor of similar to 300 in comets compared to solar argon-to-oxygen, as a consequence of poor trapping efficiency and radiogenic heating.CNESJPLAstronom

Comets 12^{12}CO+^+ and 13^{13}CO+^+ fluorescence models for measuring the 12^{12}C/13^{13}C isotopic ratio in CO+^+

Context: CO is an abundant species in comets, creating CO$^+$ ion with emission lines that can be observed in the optical spectral range. A good modeling of its fluorescence spectrum is important for a better measurement of the CO$^+$ abundance. Such a species, if abundant enough, can also be used to measure the $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C isotopic ratio. Aims: This study uses the opportunity of a high CO content observed in the comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS), that created bright CO$^{+}$ emission lines in the optical range, to build and test a new fluorescence model of this species and to measure for the first time the $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C isotopic ratio in this chemical species with ground-based observations. Methods: Thanks to laboratory data and theoretical works available in the scientific literature we developed a new fluorescence model both for $^{12}$CO$^+$ and $^{13}$CO$^+$ ions. The $^{13}$CO$^+$ model can be used for coadding faint emission lines and obtain a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to detect this isotopologue. Results: Our fluorescence model provides a good modeling of the $^{12}$CO$^+$ emission lines, allowing to publish revised fluorescence efficiencies. Based on similar transition probabilities for $^{12}$CO$^+$ and $^{13}$CO$^+$ we derive a $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C isotopic ratio of 73$\pm$20 for CO$^+$ in comet C/2016 R2. This value is in agreement with the solar system ratio of 89$\pm$2 within the error bars, making the possibility that this comet was an interstellar object unlikely.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Incidence, outcomes, and risk factors of pleural effusion in patients receiving dasatinib therapy for Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia.

Dasatinib, a second-generation BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, both as first-line therapy and after imatinib intolerance or resistance. While generally well tolerated, dasatinib has been associated with a higher risk for pleural effusions. Frequency, risk factors, and outcomes associated with pleural effusion were assessed in two phase 3 trials (DASISION and 034/Dose-optimization) and a pooled population of 11 trials that evaluated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with dasatinib (including DASISION and 034/Dose-optimization). In this largest assessment of patients across the dasatinib clinical trial program (N=2712), pleural effusion developed in 6-9% of patients at risk annually in DASISION, and in 5-15% of patients at risk annually in 034/Dose-optimization. With a minimum follow up of 5 and 7 years, drug-related pleural effusion occurred in 28% of patients in DASISION and in 33% of patients in 034/Dose-optimization, respectively. A significant risk factor identified for developing pleural effusion by a multivariate analysis was age. We found that overall responses to dasatinib, progression-free survival, and overall survival were similar in patients who developed pleural effusion and in patients who did not. clinicaltrials.gov identifier 00481247; 00123474